dc to dc charger mppt

The differences in PWM and MPPT operation:

PWM:

A PWM (pulse width modulation) controller can be thought of as an (electronic) switch between the solar panels and the battery:

The switch is ON when the charger mode is in bulk charge mode

The switch is "flicked" ON and OFF as needed (pulse width modulated) to hold the battery voltage at the absorption voltage

The switch is OFF at the end of absorption while the battery voltage drops to the float voltage

The switch is once again "flicked" ON and OFF as needed (pulse width modulated) to hold the battery voltage at the float voltage

Note that when the switch is OFF the panel voltage will be at the open circuit voltage (Voc) and when the switch is ON the panel voltage will be at the battery voltage + voltage drops between the panel and the controller.

The best panel match for a PWM controller: 

The best panel match for a PWM controller is a panel with a voltage that is just sufficiently above that required for charging the battery and taking temperature into account, typically, a panel with a Vmp (maximum power voltage) of around 18V to charge a 12V battery.  These are frequently referred to as a 12V panel even though they have a Vmp of around 18V.             

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