Principle of the MPPT controller: First, it needs to detect the DC voltage and output current of the main circuit, then calculate the output power of the solar array, and finally realize the tracking of the maximum power point. The following figure is a schematic diagram of the actual application of disturbance and observation methods to achieve maximum power point tracking.

　　 As shown in the figure, the perturbation resistor R and MOSFET connected in series, when the output voltage is basically stable, then change the average current through the resistor by changing the duty cycle of the MOSFET, thus generating current perturbation. At the same time, it will also affect the output current and voltage of the photovoltaic cell. By measuring the change at this time, the disturbance direction of the next cycle can be determined. If the disturbance direction is correct, the output power of the solar panel will increase, and the disturbance will continue in the same direction in the next cycle. Otherwise, the disturbance will be in the opposite direction. Repeatedly, the solar panel output reaches the maximum power point.

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