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How objects are charged:

Electric charge has the properties of physical objects and cannot exist without electrons and protons. The essence of charging an object is the process of gaining or losing electrons.

The essence of electrification is to separate the positive and negative charges and transfer the charges. The essence is the transfer of electrons, not the creation of electric charges.

1. Friction electrification

Substance: The transfer of electrons between different objects.

Reason: Different objects have different ability to attract and bind electrons

Charge characteristics: two objects are charged with the same amount of different charges

Electrons are transferred from one object to another. A rubber rod rubbed with fur is negatively charged; a glass rod rubbed with silk is positively charged.

Free electrons:

For example, the electrons farthest from the nucleus in the metal tend to be free from the bondage of the nucleus and move freely in the metal. This electron is called a free electron. Atoms that lose this electron become positively charged ions, which are arranged inside the metal, each positive ion vibrating in its own equilibrium position without moving, only the free electrons move, which makes the metal a conductor.

2. Induction electrification

When a charged body is close to the conductor, due to the mutual attraction or repulsion between the charges, the free charges in the conductor will tend to or move away from the charged body, so that the end of the conductor close to the charged body is charged with the opposite sign, and the end away from the charged body is charged with the same sign . This phenomenon is called electrostatic induction. The process of using electrostatic induction to charge a metal conductor is called induction electrification.

Essence: The transfer of electrons in a metallic conductor from one part of an object to another.

Object: Metal conductor.

3. Contact electrification

Electric charge is transferred from one object to another.

Essence: The transfer of electrons between different objects

Condition: Charged body comes into contact with another body

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